Jütland

Way back in the last millennium (a hundred years ago!) the big arms race of the day was ...battleships. Dreadnaughts were the very fitting nom'd'guerre. "Don't you worry about the British Navy or the British Empire THEY ARE SYNONYMOUS TERMS!" was Admiral and 1st Sea Lord, Baron Sir Jacky Fisher's way to LOL that Britannia ruled the waves.

 Using the 2 navy standard, Royal Navy was to be more bigger and more better than the next 2 biggest navies - combined!

Great Britain's life depended on sea power and the sweet consort of force projection courtesy of Royal Navy. An often undervalued spark of WWI was Imperial Deutschland's growing High Seas Fleet. Like it or don"t, every rivet driven by Grand Admiral Alfred von Tirpitz (later named sake"d as a Nazi time Battleship) crafting the world class Kriegsmarine, freaked out Royal Navy and the synonymous British Empire as well.

Armoured Cruisers developed in the late 1800's were long-range war vessels, capable of defeating any ship apart from a battleship, and fast enough to outrun any battleships she may encounter.  

The counter to such a threat was the Battle Cruiser.  Jacky Fisher's "Greyhounds of the sea" were the perfect complement to a squadron of battleships - similar in size and cost to a battleship, she often toted the same kinda of heavy guns, yet deployed far less armour and were like really way faster than anything afloat.

Both Royal Navy and Kriegsmarine stationed their battle cruisers and dreadnaught battleships in separate task forces - when combined - such surface forces were bloody formidable luv!

As the 1st World War ground on - Royal Navy's blockade of Deutschland was beginning to pay off - loss of prestige on the home front, morale dropping, shortages on everything from sausage to shoes and a suck economy made naval strategy like Admiral Mahan's threat of "a fleet in being" less of a comfort to Germany as unleashing her High Seas Fleet to systematically do some blockade busting.

While Royal Navy's Home Fleet out numbered Deutschland"s  - Imperial  Navy Deutschers conceived a pretty smart plan to even out the odds for a final lo down ho down: sortee several battle cruisers to shell Britain's east coast. When Royal Navy's Battle Cruiser squadron (led by the dashing impetuous Admiral David Beatty) responded by flying down the coast and intercept for righteous payback, it would be a sucker trap, for Germany would have her entire High Seas Fleet on location to annihilate them. Evening up the odds for the next encounter when Great Britain's slower Dreadnaughts hit the scene.

Deutschland kicked off her audacious plan on May 31st and 1 June 1916

The bait worked. While Royal Navy spy guys learned that Kreigsmarine's Battle Cruiser flotilla  led by Admiral Franz von Hipper were sweetly trekking up to repeat the raids on Scarborough and Hartlepool - they were unaware the High Seas Fleet had also sortee'd. 

Sure enough, Royal Navy"s Battle Cruiser Squad charged smack dab into Germany's - who were leading them south into the jaws of an awful trap. 

 Jütland.

Between 18:30, when the sun was lowering on the western horizon, backlighting the German forces, and nightfall at about 20:30, the two fleets – totalling 250 ships between them – directly engaged twice.

Inexplicably, Admiral Beatty insisted on using signal flags instead of new fangled wireless to transmit orders and the Royal Navy got a spanking.

HMS Tiger and Queen Mary missed import orders, leaving SMS Derrflinger (a crack gunnery ship) sweetly sailing about unopposed, shooting up Beatty's flagship HMS Lion. Only by flooding her magazine with his dying breath, Royal Marine Major Harvey (Victoria Cross) saved Lion from instant vaporization that befell her sisters

Disaster rolled over the Battle Cruisers at Jütland as SMS Von der Tann blasted thru HMS Indefatigable"s lightly armoured deck to ignite her powder magazines. In an instant - she was gone with all hands.  SMS Seydlitz and Derrflinger double teamed Queen Mary annihilating her as she exploded instantly.

Admiral Beatty made his infamous remark to his 2nd in Command that "Something seems to be wrong with our bloody ships today" as it was feared HMS Princess Royal may have suffered the same fate

As Germany's High Seas Fleet Dreadnaughts appeared on the scene to complete the massacre, Admiral Beatty was running away at top speed to meet his big brother Dreadnaughts slowly yet steadily advancing south. It was a tough time - HMS Defense was gone, HMS Black Prince sunk, HMS Invincible was horrifically dying and HMS Warrior was in real trouble as Germans and Britons were shooting each other to pieces 

As the Royal Navy Dreadnaughts led by Admiral John Jellicoe finally met up with her beleaguered Battle Cruisers - all 27 of them in the last line head battle formation in the history of the Royal Navy. They let loose with a ring of fire and steel.

Kriegsmarine Admiral Reinhard Scheer commanding Germany's Dreadnaughts might have charged in to meet them - closing the distance, trusting in his better armour and faster gunnery to make up for numerical superiority - after all this was the decisive moment Deutschland had been building, training and dreaming of for decades.

 Rodolent with Royal Navy's honored past, named after Admirals, Generals, Greek gods and Roman virtues - Scheer must have felt he was confronting not  only Jellicoe and Beatty but the ghosts of Rodney, Howe, Nelson and Drake.

The Germans split the AO with Royal Navy in hot pursuit into the night. Aside from torpedo attacks by both sides the Battle of Jütland more like faded out than ended.

14 British and 11 German ships were sunk, with great loss of life. After sunset, and throughout the night, Jellicoe maneuvered to cut the Germans off from their base, in hopes of continuing the battle next morning, but under the cover of darkness Scheer broke through the British light forces forming the rearguard of the Grand Fleet and returned to port.

Materially speaking - Germany won Jütland. Kriegsmarine lost only 1 Battle Cruiser - SMS Lutzow (tho Seydlitz was so shot up she beached herself returning home), the ancient pre Dreadnaught SMS Pommern sunk plus 4 light cruisers, 5 destroyers - 2,500 men lost.

Royal Navy by contrast lost 3 modern Battle Cruisers, 4 Armoured Cruisers,, 8 destroyers and more than 6,000 men perished - mostly on Invincible, Indefatigable and Queen Mary. Royal Navy's vaunted ships proved vulnerable, inaccurate shooting, their shells defective, their method of communication woefully antique and their admirals cautious and bemused.

The British public learned of the 'disaster at Jütland" before all of Royal Navy had returned to port as Germany LOL'd she had smashed the Magic of Trafalger, gleefully listing the names of revered British ship that were incinerated. The 2nd Battle of Jütland lasted years as Royal Navy admirals and minions blasted each other in the press, publishing, inquiries and boards for eons afterwords.

In moral terms - Great Britain won. Despite mistakes and shortcomings, her image of invincibility remained intact and Royal Navy beat the hand of her most ablest opponent in over a century. The blockade remained, and Imperial Deutschland never again sortee'd with all her might 

Royal Navy never totally got the pic about Battle Cruisers tho - 28 years later HMS Hood - one of the last of the Battle Cruisers lost out in a head to head match with the super Dreadnaught Bismarck

 

Pic - "Brassey's Naval Annual, for instance, stated that with vessels as large and expensive as the Invincibles, an admiral "will be certain to put them in the line of battle where their comparatively light protection will be a disadvantage and their high speed of no value."

Taking Off The Gloves

JSOC takes off the gloves....

 

A fusion of U.S. special operations forces and local militia are about to bloody the so-called Islamic State, and just possibly drive them out of their de facto capital.
 

But no one expects a decisive victory against ISIS. The commanders of those forces met in Tampa this past week near U.S. Special Operations Command headquarters to share lessons learned, and lament that the more they learn about ISIS, the longer and harder they think this fight will be.

 

Only a year ago, this conference floor was full of laments over being held back by a timid White House. The administration has since ratcheted up its campaign on ISIS, with an eye to legacy and a tacit acknowledgement that the previous strategy wasn’t working. The Pentagon has deployed fifty U.S. special operators to Syria to train and advise local forces, and authorized up to 250 more, and also sent several hundred special operators to a base in northern Iraq to target ISIS by air and by ground, as well as roughly 4,000 conventional U.S. troops to help the Iraqi and Kurdish forces.
 

The JSOC-run “expeditionary targeting force” as it’s known has already taken out some 40 ISIS operatives linked to planning and facilitating overseas attacks, less than half of the ISIS fighters JSOC has removed from the battlefield. Strikes inside Iraq are done with the government of Iraq’s permission.
 

The light U.S. footprint has meant an evolution of the teams fighting ISIS. In previous campaigns like Iraq and Afghanistan, U.S. counterterrorist forces worked mostly separately from units like the Green Berets that train locals. The teams fighting ISIS are mixed together, according to Special Operations Command’s Thomas.
 

“It is absolutely blended. I just came back from overseas. I had to ask people who are you with. Who’s who in the zoo here, because it was that well blended, that well orchestrated, which is a good thing,” he said. 
 

Some of those troops were caught on camera, patrolling alongside their Kurdish fighting partners and sporting Kurdish combat patches on their uniform – a sign of cooperation with their brothers in arms, but one that sent Turkey into a diplomatic tailspin Friday. Ankara believes those Kurdish fighting units have ties to separatists who Turkey considers to be terrorists.
 

In Africa, which faces an alphabet soup of dangerous extremists, local troops are willing if not always able to fight. That helps to explain why there are 96 special operations missions in some 22 African countries, according to Army Green Beret Brig. Gen. Don Bolduc, who heads Special Operations Command Africa.
 

“ISIL is the most dominant violent extremist organization on the continent,” Bolduc told the crowd, using the government’s preferred acronym for the so-called Islamic State. “AQIM [al Qaeda in the Magreb] is the most enduring. Boko Haram, the most deadly. Al Shabab is in our opinion the most unpredictable, and demonstrates resiliency.”
 

He pointed to the weakened state of the Ugandan-spawned Lord’s Resistance Army after four years hunted by local troops backed by foreign assistance as proof of what 100 U.S. special operations advisors could accomplish.
 

“They bump up against our partners, and our partners take it to them,” Bolduc said.

The need to work through partners is changing how some special operations forces recruit, according to Navy SEAL Rear Adm. Brian Losey, who heads the SEALs in Coronado, Calif. 

Losey spoke of recruiting “warrior statesmen” capable of negotiating with locals, and working with humanitarian groups to bring aid, as well as they raid on the battlefield. He even welcomed women SEALs to the force, should they make it through the selective training that was just opened to all, as he said they would help communicate with more of the population in conflict zones.



Memorial Day

Today is the day we put aside to remember fallen heroes and to pray that no heroes will ever have to die for us again. It’s a day of thanks for the valor of others, a day to remember the splendor of America and those of her children who rest in this cemetery and others. It’s a day to be with the family and remember.

I was thinking this morning that across the country, children and their parents will be going to the town parade, and the young ones will sit on the sidewalks and wave their flags as the band goes by. Later, maybe, they’ll have a cookout or a day at the beach. And that’s good, because today is a day to be with the family and to remember.

Arlington, this place of so many memories, is a fitting place for some remembering. So many wonderful men and women rest here, men and women who led colorful, vivid and passionate lives. … All of these men were different, but they shared this in common: They loved America very much. There was nothing they wouldn’t do for her. And they loved with the sureness of the young. It’s hard not to think of the young in a place like this, for it’s the young who do the fighting and dying when a peace fails and a war begins.

And we owe them something, those boys. We owe them first a promise: That just as they did not forget their missing comrades, neither, ever, will we. And there are other promises. We must always remember that peace is a fragile thing that needs constant vigilance. We owe them a promise to look at the world with a steady gaze and, perhaps, a resigned toughness, knowing that we have adversaries in the world and challenges and the only way to meet them and maintain the peace is by staying strong. 
…
If we really care about peace, we must stay strong. If we really care about peace, we must, through our strength, demonstrate our unwillingness to accept an ending of the peace. We must be strong enough to create peace where it does not exist and strong enough to protect it where it does. 

40 at Arlington

WoW!!

WoW - the Watchers Council- it's the oldest, longest running cyber comte d'guere ensembe in existence - started online in 1912 by Sirs Jacky Fisher and Winston Churchill themselves - an eclective collective of cats both cruel and benign with their ability to put steel on target (figuratively - natch) on a wide variety of topictry across American, Allied, Frenemy and Enemy concerns, memes, delights and discourse.

Every week these cats hook up each other with hot hits and big phazed cookies to peruse and then vote on their individual fancy catchers.

Thusly sans further adieu (or a don"t)

Council Winners

• *First place with 2 votes!–Apologize For What?
• Second place *t* with 1 1/3 votes –The Razor – A Coming Out Post
• Second place *t* with 1 1/3 votes –Bookworm Room – The challenges of talking about rape in a post-modern, post-rational age
• Third place *t* with 1 vote –Stately McDaniel Manor – Delusions Of The Left
• Third place *t* with 1 vote –Joshuapundit–The Story Behind The Israeli Government’s Move To The Right
• Fourth place *t* with 2/3 vote –VA Right! – Reality vs Government Mandated Overtime, “Living” Wages and other Mandates
• Fourth place *t* with 2/3 vote –Puma By Design – Facebook Bans Conservatives For Complaining About Censorship

Non-Council Winners

• First place with 2 2/3 votes! –Robert Tracinski/The Federalist – Imagine No Possessions, Imagine Venezuela submitted by The Glittering Eye
• Second place with 1 1/3 votes – Martha Gellhorn/The Atlantic(Note the date this was written) – The Arabs of Palestine submitted by Joshuapundit
• Third place *t* with 1 vote –Michael Freund/The Jerusalem Post– Poking a gaping hole in the Palestinian narrative submitted by Bookworm Room
• Third place *t* with 1 vote – Nate Silver/538 – How I Acted Like A Pundit And Screwed Up On Donald Trump submitted by The Watcher
• Fourth place *t* with 2/3 votes –Military Times – U.S. military trains eclectic group of anti-ISIS fighter submitted by GrEaT sAtAn”S gIrLfRiEnD
• Fourth place *t* with 2/3 votes –George Will –The Inaugural Address We Should Hear, But Won’t submitted by Stately McDaniel Manor
• Fifth place *t* with 1/3 vote –Shane Harris/Daily Beast –The FBI Is Keeping 80,000 Secret Files on the Saudis and 9/11 submitted by Angry White Dude
• Fifth place *t* with 1/3 vote –Gavin McInnes/Taki’s Mag –Surrendering to Death submitted by The Razor

See you next week!

Examining America’s Role in the World

Takeaways:

The world is currently characterized by an unusually large number of unstable and volatile situations. The current high levels of instability are rooted in four broad trends:

• The first is the systematic breakdown of state authority in the Arab Middle East.
• The second broad trend we face is the reemergence of great power competition
• A third current source of global volatility is the global reaction to profound economic and political transitions taking place in China.
• The last trend is the geopolitical impact of sustained low oil prices since mid-2014.

The idea that America is in decline does not stand up to a rigorous analysis of our national balance sheet of strategic assets and liabilities. The truth is that no nation can match our comprehensive set of enduring strengths—a resilient, strong, and diverse economy; bountiful resources, both human and material; a unique global network of alliances; unmatched military strength; a powerful culture of entrepreneurship and innovation; best-in-class universities and research institutions; a dynamic demographic future (unique among the great powers); a promising energy future; a well-established legal system; and a long and powerful record of international leadership.

The next president must work to address four primary challenges in order to bolster our security and national well-being:

• The principal national security challenge for any nation is to maintain its economic growth and vitality.
• The overall terrorist threat has evolved and metastasized, and we have entered a new and dangerous phase.
• The nation’s vulnerability to cyber-attacks has become one of the most pressing challenges confronting our government, our economy, and the American public.
• Finally, the next president should build on 44's efforts to enhance stability and prosperity in the Asia-Pacific.

The Battle of Fallujah Part III

Iraqi forces have begun their assault on Islamic State in Fallujah, Prime Minister Haider al-Abadi said late Sunday, an operation that aims to evict the extremists from one of their last major territorial holdings in Iraq.

The operation follows months of planning and preparation in coordination with a U.S.-led military coalition that is backing Iraqi forces with airstrikes.

Iraqi forces have long had the city surrounded, but a major buildup of forces became evident in recent days as Shiite militias working alongside the Iraqi army moved military equipment to the area and officials suggested an operation was imminent.

Before the start of operations Sunday, the Iraqi government appealed to residents of Fallujah to prepare to leave, even urging them to raise white flags at their houses if they couldn’t.

The military’s Joint Operations Command said that civilian families would be allowed to leave the city through designated safe passages, though it didn’t specify how departures from the city would be arranged.

The Iraqi army, counterterrorism forces, police, tribal fighters and Shiite militias were taking part in the operation, according to the military.

Eissa al-Issawi, the exiled mayor of Fallujah, said Islamic State militants were retreating from the outskirts to the center of the city Sunday as the operation drew nearer

Civilians inside were eager for any relief from isolation, 74-year-old resident Mohessen Hossam said. Many people have died of starvation in the city since Iraqi forces imposed a blockade last year, residents have said, although the precise toll is impossible to measure.

If successful, the recapture of Fallujah would leave Mosul as Islamic State’s only major foothold in Iraq. Iraqi forces have long been gearing up for Mosul’s recapture, which is expected to be complex in part because of its size: Mosul has a population of around 1 million, about three times the size of Fallujah’s before Islamic State took the city.

Despite its smaller size, the Fallujah battle isn’t expected to be easy. The city is inhabited mostly by Sunni Muslims, many of whom resent any incursion by Iran-backed Shiite militias that form a significant part of the force fighting for control. To avoid triggering sectarian bloodshed, Shiite militias aren’t expected to be part of the forces that retake the city center.

Nonetheless, Ibrahim al-Jumaili, a Fallujah native who left three months ago and is now living just outside the city, said he had spoken to people inside Sunday who were concerned about being targeted by Shiite militias.

Fallujah has also been a difficult objective for invading armies before, including for the U.S., which took it in 2004 and held it for two years before handing control to the Iraqi government. The city became a focal point for Sunni discord after a Shiite-led government took power in Baghdad after the U.S.-led invasion.

Islamic State took control of Fallujah in December 2013, making it one of the group’s first big territorial gains, preceding its establishment of a base in Raqqa in Syria. Mosul only fell under its control in summer 2014.

As Iraqi forces turned the tide since last year, Islamic State has switched tactics, focusing more on terrorist attacks in populated areas than it had previously. A wave of Islamic State attacks in and near Baghdad earlier this month—most of them suicide bombings—killed almost 200 people.

Drones Gone Wild!

The recent vaporization of Taliban leader Mullah Mansur brings up a quiz or two...

Mansur’s potential death provides a real-world, real-time ability to test two hypotheses about the policy of killing terrorist leaders. These are based upon the objectives of the strike, according to the Pentagon press release, as well as subsequent statements by President Barack Obama and Secretary of State John Kerry.

Hypothesis one: Mansur’s death will reduce Taliban attacks and fatalities against Afghanistan national security forces, U.S. and coalition troops, and Afghan civilians.

Hypothesis two: Mansur’s replacement will be more likely to participate in the long-stalled peace and reconciliation negotiations with the Afghan government.

There has been a tremendous amount of social science research on these challenging policy puzzles. These policy-evaluative publications have reached somewhat conflicting conclusions, and are often contested by U.S. military and intelligence staffers who I speak with. However, those staffers never publish their research findings for public scrutiny, and are unable—given they would be referring to classified information—to clearly articulate their problems with the existing research.

On whether killing terrorists leaders and lower-level militants reduces violence, Max Abrahms and Phillip Potter assessed that when leaders of militant groups are killed or targeted, lower-level members have to assume tactical responsibility, and they increase the proportion of the group’s violence against civilian targets. Patrick Johnston and Anoop Sarbahi determined, “We find no statistically significant evidence of a positive relationship between drone strikes and terrorism.”  Meanwhile, Vincent Bauer, Keven Ruby, and Robert Pape found that “drone strikes are only marginally effective at reducing militant violence in the short term, and that the effect dissipates over time.”

On leadership targeting and the strength and durability of terrorist groups: In 2009, Jenna Jordan examined 298 leadership targeting incidents from 1945 through 2004, and concluded that “decapitation is not an effective counterterrorism strategy,” and oftentimes prolongs the life of a terrorist group. On the other hand, Bryan C. Price concluded, by analyzing the effect of leadership decapitation on 207 terrorist groups from 1970 to 2008, the killing or capturing leaders significantly increases the mortality rate of the group. In 2014, Jordan reviewed the impact of 109 attacks on Al Qaeda leadership from 2001 to 2011, and did not find a “significant degradation of organizational capacity or a marked disruption in al-Qaida’s activities,” measured in the number of attacks and their lethality.

There is also a CIA “Best Practices in Counterinsurgency” report from July 2009 examined nine cases of high-value targeting and found that five failed outright, two succeeded, and two had mixed results. The report specifically warned: “The Taliban’s military structure blends a top-down command system with an egalitarian Afghan tribal structure that rules by consensus, making the group more able to withstand HVT operations, according to clandestine and U.S. military reporting.”

How might someone determine if hypothesis one has been achieved? United Nations Assistance Mission in Afghanistan (UNAMA) reports on the protection of civilians, which have been produced since 2007. Fortunately, for determining causal effect, UNAMA began releasing its reports bi-annually in 2009, and just last month releasing them quarterly. So, when the third quarter UNAMA report is released in November, look for an increase or decrease in attacks by “anti-government elements,” meaning the Taliban. (It is worth noting that Taliban attacks are decreasing relative to other perpetrators: In 2015, the group was responsible for 62 percent of all civilian fatalities, a decrease from 78 percent in 2013.)

There is also the Global Terrorism Database, which produces its excellent summary of terrorist attacks for all countries by date, perpetrator group, fatalities or casualties, and target type. The 2016 data for Afghanistan will probably be posted online sometime in mid-2017.

There has been no new data for total attacks on U.S. or coalition forces since 2013, but U.S. troop fatalities are constantly updated at the Pentagon’s casualty status website, and military contractors working for the Department of Defense at a Department of Labor website. As for Afghanistan security forces, the Ministries of Defense and Interior apparently prepare an annual total of military fatalities, which has previously been provided to western journalists.

How might one determine if hypothesis two has been achieved? This simply requires determining if Mansur’s replacement, or a council of recognized Taliban leaders, decide to negotiate directly and faithfully with the government of Afghanistan. One member of the government-appointed High Peace Council stated, “Mansour’s death doesn’t necessarily mean that peace is closer than it was yesterday.”

We will soon find out if this is true, and if targeting Taliban leadership succeeds at achieving the objectives as articulated by the administration.